Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries Research Paper Example

Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries Paper Introduction Human Resource Management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Extensive training and culture management programs, individualized reward management systems, as well as a range of employee involvement mechanisms, all operate towards achieving enhanced employee contribution. It is a whole range of notions on management theory, style and practice. Perhaps most usefully considered as a generic term that covers the entirety of work organization, working terms and conditions and representational systems, HRM can be depicted as being concerned with all those activities associated with the management of people in organizations (Boyd 2003). Businesses rely on effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. HRM specialists initially determine the number and type of employees that a business will need over its first few years of operation. They are then responsible for recruiting new employees to replace those who leave and for filling newly created positions. A business’s HRM division also trains or arranges for the training of its staff to encourage worker productivity, efficiency, and satisfaction, and to promote the overall success of the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, human resource managers create workers’ compensation plans and benefit packages for employees. Personnel Management is the development of a set of values that regards individual employees as important productive entities; the conscious utilization of these value judgments in making decisions affecting those individuals; and the acquisition of a pattern of thinking, or rational analysis, which attempts to achieve the most effective and satisfactory utilization of human talents (Megginson 1972). Personnel Management unlike Human Resource Management is not limited to the techniques and paper work associated with routine activities of selecting, training, and compensating employees; nor does the term refer exclusively to the methods, procedures, techniques, and tools of personnel selection, training and development, direction, and other related activities. Businesses rely on effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. HRM specialists initially determine the number and type of employees that a business will need over its first few years of operation. They are then responsible for recruiting new employees to replace those who leave and for filling newly created positions. A business’s HRM division also trains or arranges for the training of its staff to encourage worker productivity, efficiency, and satisfaction, and to promote the overall success of the business. Finally, human resource managers create workers’ compensation plans and benefit packages for employees (Gratton et al. 1999). The essay intends to consider how wages and salaries are set in organizations. If compensation is not tied directly to performance, what can and should it be tired to. The essay intends to discuss about psychological contract; turnover and the forms of turnover; training and some of its concepts; and remuneration system. Through the information that will be gathered every thought that is necessary will be put together so that a proper conclusion will be formulated. Psychological Contract The psychological contract refers to employees beliefs about the mutual obligations between the employee and his or her organization. These beliefs are based on the perception that employer promises have been made about such matters as competitive wages, promotional opportunities, and job training in exchange for certain employee obligations, such as the giving of their energy, time, and skills (De Meuse Marks 2003). Earlier reviews argue that the psychological contract is conceptually different from a formal contract in that it considers an individuals beliefs of the terms and conditions of an agreement between the individual and the employer. This concept of the relationship between an employee and the organization has been accepted and noted in many different forums, including academic journals; practitioner journals; and management textbooks (De Meuse Marks 2003). While an employees formal employment contract always is based on a written document, the types of promises contained in an employees psychological contract typically are communicated in ways that do not involve written documentation. For example, an employees understanding of the psychological contract may be influenced by oral discussions with managers, recruiters, or other organizational representatives and construed from specific organizational practices and procedures. Because of the pervasive norms of reciprocity that are part of any exchange agreement between an individual and his or her organization, an individual often expects, seeks out, and creates a psychological contract as a means for understanding and representing the employment relationship with the employer (De Meuse Marks 2003). Organizations can respond to an employees psychological contract to varying degrees, including going beyond the conditions of the contract, thereby honoring the intent rather than the letter of the contract; complying with the contract and fulfilling all of the conditions and terms; and breaching or violating the agreement between the employee and the organization. When organizations uphold their side of the psychological contract with their employees, it is more likely that employees will attempt to fulfill their own contractual obligations to the organization (De Meuse Marks 2003) Two sorts of contract can be distinguished namely transactional contracts and relational contract. Transactional contracts are fairly specific and economic in nature, and basically to do with rewards for hard work. Relational contracts are both economic and social/emotional in nature. (Herriot 2001). These are less clearly specified and to a degree open-ended. In a successful contractual relationship, it is possible that people come to trust the other party’s reliability because they regularly fulfill a transactional contract. As a result, a more relational contract develops, whereby parties are willing to go beyond the contract trusting that the other will do the same for them when the need arise (Herriot 2001). Relatively short-term and specific transactional contracts can meet the need for flexibility and reliable performance. Longer-term and open-ended relational contracts may help organizations which need loyalty and good citizenship from their employees. Specific but longer and potentially renegotiable contracts combine some of the advantages of the previous two. As organizations diversify the range of contracts which they offer, the existence and use of these alternatives becomes increasingly attractive (Herriot 2001). Relational contracts usually have a legal heart, but they also are used when the commercial reality is different. In a relational contract, the parties have expectations of each other that go beyond or perhaps far beyond the terms of the contract (Kay 1995). Employment contracts are best made as relational contracts because they suffer rather than benefit from too precise a specification of their obligations. Each party must be encouraged to respond to events. Both parties must invest in teaching and learning that is specific to the particular business environment. Actions may often have consequences that emerge only much later. Each of these factors that includes response, information, and learning tends to become more important at higher levels of seniority in the organization. A firm may hire a cleaner through a spot contract wherein the job is well defined, the performance is easily monitored but it needs a relational contract with its management. The range of jobs for which spot contracting is suitable is steadily diminishing (Kay 1995). Forms of turnover Labor turnover, like absence, is an important element of labor costs. The turnover of employees leads to direct costs for recruitment and for training new employees. It also leads to indirect costs which may be substantial, for example through disruption of work while new people are being recruited. Organizations with high levels of labor turnover may need to carry surplus labor, or hire temporary workers, in order to maintain production or levels of service. It has been suggested by industrial sociologists that greater organizational commitment contributes to greater employee identification with the goals and values of the organization and that this reduces the likelihood of voluntary job turnover . A main argument for adopting a commitment-oriented management approach has been to reduce the costs of turnover by eliciting employee commitment. (Cheng et al. 1998) A model to explain individual job turnover naturally has many similarities to the preceding models of absence and job performance. Motivation to stay, in the form of commitment to the organization, is again likely to be of interest, as are the various task and organizational characteristics which make an organization relatively attractive or unattractive. However, one might expect that economic factors loom larger in the decision to stay or leave. These would include satisfaction with present remuneration, and perceptions of how easy or difficult it will be to find an equally good job. Family and life-cycle characteristics have also often been assumed important in relation to job turnover, as in the case of young workers (Cheng et al. 998). Turnover can be done in two ways. Turnover can be voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary turnover can be caused by many things that include personal problems, better opportunities in other companies, discontentment, and migration to other countries. Employees undergo voluntary turnover due to the personal problems they have. These employees believe that such problems can affect their work performance and they should first find solutions to their problem before being in any company. Employees undergo voluntary turnover due to the discontentment in the company. These employees believe that their stay in the company has not given them any benefits and the wages and compensation they receive from the company is not enough. Employees undergo voluntary turnover due to better opportunities in other companies. These employees think that other companies might offer them better treatment, better salaries, and lesser problems. Employees undergo voluntary turnover due to migration to other countries. Employees leave the company due to instances wherein they wish to leave the country and try their luck in other countries. On the other hand involuntary turnover can be caused by many things that include poor work performance, insubordination, and negative relationship with co workers. Employees undergo involuntary turnover due to poor work performance. When employees do their job poorly the tendency is for the company to give them warnings and reminders, if nothing happens the company has no choice but to break its relationship with these workers. Employees undergo involuntary turnover due to insubordination or engaging in scuffles and disobeying high ranking officials in the company Employees undergo involuntary turnover due to negative relationship with co employees. Some employees can be always in contrast with other employees and this leads to problems between the employees thus to prevent things to grow worse the company has to remove these uncooperative employees. Training Organizations are still focusing on reinvention and reengineering as they continue to place greater emphasis upon improving customer service. This increased attention to customer service is expected despite downsizing and delaying efforts in the organization. The strength of these trends is likely to continue even if the names change from time to time, for the changes emerge from a growing realization that traditional ways of doing business and being organized prevents an organization from moving fast enough, with high enough quality, or at low enough cost to meet the growing demands and competitive pressures placed on it. The next decade will continue to witness major changes in organizations (Sims 1998). Organizations will continue to get flatter, and power will be more dispersed among employees who are knowledge workers and have the technology to make decisions previously reserved for management. If information is power, then dispersed information is dispersed power, and that dispersement is what knowledge and technology does. There will also continue to be an increased emphasis upon the use of cross-functional and multi-skilled teams, which are essential in taking advantage of advanced technologies, and these developments should free the smaller number of managers to focus on higher level strategic issues (Sims 1998). The boundaries that have traditionally defined organizations will continue to blur as a result of new organizational forms and leadership methods and demands. The lines between functions and even between organizations will continue to become less rigid in the drive to be more customer focused, to decrease response and work process cycle times, and improve competitive advantage. The distinction between types of organizations particularly large ersus small, regional versus national versus global will also begin to blur more as customers show less interest in where their products and services come from as long as they receive them when and at the standards of quality they deem acceptable (Sims 1998). People can best anticipate and respond to the need for further change in training by remembering that training historically has been looked at as a case-by-case, individual perspective, much like the way a doctor looks at a patient. You do a diagnosis of an individual, find a weakness, and then apply the training solution so that individual is stronger or better than he or she was before. What training must be in todays and tomorrows organizations is a process that is more holistic, and consistent with an organizations strategy, so that the strategy is executed better than it would be without the training. One strategy is individual, which will have no impact on an organization, and the other is corporate, which will have a mammoth impact. The important thing for training personnel to conceptually understand is that training must have an impact on the organization rather than on the individual. The point is to make the organization more whole than it was before, and training should be a major part of what causes that to happen. However, that will never happen if training personnel are doing training by picking up people and putting band-aids on cuts. It will only do it if there is a vision and a strategy, and training is part of a process of executing that vision and strategy for everyone (Sims 1998). Remuneration system Remuneration system or salary is often expressed in annual terms, usually of non-manual workers. For example, a teachers salary might be $15,000 per year. Salaried workers are most unlikely to receive overtime payments, though they may receive bonuses. Although they are contracted to work for a specific number of hours per week, they are usually expected to work the number of hours sufficient to do the job to a satisfactory standard (Skoldberg 2002). Salaries are set in organizations according to the tenure of the employee in the organization, the performance rating of the employee, the status of the company and the external problems the company has. Salaries are based on how long the employee had served the company. The longer an employee served the company the higher salary that employee gets. In relation to that an employee’s salary can be based on succession planning or the ranking of employees. In succession planning the position of an employee is being given more focus. Employees who have higher position are first given salary increases. Salaries are also based on how well or how bad the employee does his/her job. Those who perform well and bring benefits to the company are given higher salaries and additional incentives. Moreover the status of the company is used as a basis for the salaries of employees. To know the status of the company different things are put into consideration like its profitability, its expenses, market conditions and others. Once the company is not selling well and has oversupply market condition it means no increase in the salaries should be made. When a company is experiencing oversupply market condition it is not selling well and its marketing strategies are not that effective thus the company has reason not to increate the salaries. Lastly the external problem the company has is used as a basis for salaries. If the economy is having difficulty, there is unrest in the country, and the competitor has gained advantage over the company the tendency is for the company not to create increase in wages. Conclusion Businesses rely on effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. Human Resource Management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. In HRM many things are put into consideration. This includes the hiring and training of employees, performance of the employees, how the employees are remunerated, and what instances may lead an employee to be removed from the company. Aside from the company’s strategy regarding marketing, management, and competitors, organizations’ are wary of the strategy they use in terms of giving salary to their employees. Companies have to make sure that the right person receives the right wage and that the salary they give will not cause financial problems to the company. Through the different basis of salary discussed companies make sure that salaries are distributed accordingly to rightful persons and as demanded by the situation. Through proper distribution of salary companies will not encounter financial problems like high expenditures, bankruptcy by the company, tight spending and others. Through proper distribution of salary companies will not have to face arguments and disagreements with the employees. References Boyd, C 2003, Human resource management and occupational ealth and safety, Routledge, New York. Cheng, Y, Gallie, D, Tomlinson, M White, M 1998, Restructuring the employment relationship, Clarendon Press, Oxford. De Meuse, KP Marks, ML (eds. ) 2003, Resizing the organization: managing layoffs, divestitures, and closings maximizing gain while minimizing pain, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Gratton, L, Hailey, VH, Stiles, P Truss, C 1999 Strategic human resource management: corporate rhetoric and human reality, Oxford University Press, O xford. Herriot, P 2001, The employment relationship: a psychological perspective, Routledge, New York. Kay, J 1995 Why firms succeed, Oxford University Press, New York. Megginson, LC 1972, Personnel: a behavioral approach to administration, Richard D. Irwin, Homewood, IL. Sims, RR 1998, Reinventing training and development, Quorum Books, Westport, CT. Skoldberg, K 2002, The poetic logic of administration: styles and changes of style in the art of organizing, Routledge, London.

The application of systems theory Essay Example

The application of systems theory Essay Example The application of systems theory Essay The application of systems theory Essay The Application Of Systems Theory To a Case Study Introduction The undermentioned instance survey will detail an intercession with a 32-year old service user who was referred with a scope of showing issues and demands. It was evident that a complex array of household, societal and bureau webs existed, bespeaking that the focal point of any intercession would ask the addressing of these assorted constituents and their function in the service user’s operation. It was decided that using systems theory would be the most efficacious attack in pull offing the service user’s demands. General systems theory was foremost proposed by von Bertalanffy ( 1968 ) as a cosmopolitan theory of the administration of parts into wholes. A system was defined as â€Å"a composite of interacting elements† . Although this paradigm was ab initio applied to the physical universe ( mathematics, biochemistry, etc ) , it was adopted by the curative community in order to explicate an apprehension of systems consisting persons and administrations. Some of the thoughts and constructs systems theory has brought to the field include: Families and other societal groups are systems holding belongingss which are more than the amount of the belongingss of their parts. Every system has a boundary, the belongingss of which are of import in understanding how the system works. Changes within systems can happen, or be stimulated, in assorted ways. Communication and feedback mechanisms between the parts of a system are of import in the operation of the system. Events such as the behavior of persons in a household are better understood as illustrations of round causality, instead than as being based on additive causality. Systems are made up of subsystems ( e.g. parental, matrimonial, siblings ) which are themselves parts of larger suprasystems ( e.g. extended household, the vicinity, infirmary ) . ( Beckett, 1973 ) . The service user was a 32-year old male of Afro-Caribbean beginnings, with a diagnosing of schizoaffective upset dating back to his early teens. He had been shacking in a semi-secure forensic unit for more than two old ages and was detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. In footings of household history, he had been conceived through colza and fostered by distant relations in Trinidad. Upon the decease of his Foster female parent, his natural female parent arranged for him to go forth Trinidad and enter the UK. Shortly after this, he became involved with the mental wellness system and the condemnable justness system. Subsequently, his female parent had refused all contact with him and would non prosecute with any of his attention. The exclusive household contact had been his maternal grandma. A genogram is a utile adjunct within appraisal and intervention when using systems theory ( e.g. Guerin and Pendagast, 1976 ) , in that it gives a concise in writing sum-up of the composing of the systems environing an person. A genogram picturing DE’s peculiar systems was prepared and is illustrated in Figure 1. Within the genogram, DE’s familial relationships are illustrated, demoing the bing subsystem with his maternal grandma. Other subsystems include, DE’s relationships with the condemnable justness system, mental wellness services and with myself, his societal worker. With respect to utilizing systems theory in my appraisal and intercession of DE, this would embrace developing a hypothesis refering the nature of the relationships DE has with facets of his system and how this impacts upon his operation. In add-on, round inquiring would be employed to prove this hypothesis and promote alteration ( e.g. Selvini Palazzoli, Cechin, Prata and Boscolo, 1980a ) . Each of DE’s showing demands will be explored within the context of his wider system and the methodological analysis built-in to systems theory employed in my intercession. Figure 1: A genogram of DE’s instance. The Referral DE was a statutory referral which was accompanied by a challenge from his legal representatives to the local authorization, claiming that they had failed in their responsibilities towards DE as he was medically fit for discharge and did non necessitate to be detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. Although discharge from Section 3 was agreed, no programs were presented to the mental wellness court by the local authorization sing the agreement of appropriate adjustment. From the position of the societal worker, programs were hence required to implement Section 117 and organize appropriate after attention and adjustment. In order to make this, it was necessary to place DE’s wants and penchants every bit far as possible, in add-on to pull offing any hazard perceived by the multidisciplinary squad and the mental wellness court. A transportation CPA to the community squad was organised in order to keep DE in the community and ease his recovery. Adhering to the impression of â€Å"goodness of fit† , built-in to systems theory ( Payne, 2002 ) , that is heightening the lucifer between the person and their environment, ways of developing, keeping or beef uping supportive intercessions and cut downing, disputing or replacing nerve-racking systems were explored. Appraisal An appraisal of DE’s showing demands was conducted in order to explicate a hypothesis based upon the information available which would so supply a starting point and usher to subsequent intercessions. Harmonizing to Selvini Palazzoli et Al. ( 1980a ) , a hypothesis is â€Å"neither true, nor false, but more or less useful† . Therefore, it was of import to keep this stance when sing the fortunes environing DE’s instance. By seeking information from DE and others within his system, I was able to obtain as many positions as possible and concept an apprehension, or narrative, as to how he had come to be â€Å"stuck† and enable him to travel in a more helpful way. Both DE and the multidisciplinary squad involved in his attention agreed that he required 24 hr residential attention, as old supported adjustment had non been able to ease his demands and he had relapsed, taking to his admittance to hospital under subdivision. Extra presenting concerns reported by DE included an impoverished household support web and hapless fundss. Drug and intoxicant abuse were besides apparent, acknowledged by DE and verified by a positive trial for cocaine. DE’s keyworker recounted how DE often disengaged with him and displayed disputing behavior, including interrupting regulations of the attention place and absconding. Indexs of backsliding described by staff included a preoccupation with insect infestation, psychotic beliefs of the devil attacking him and homophobic frights of male staff sexually assailing him. In add-on, non-compliance with his attention program was recognised as a precursor to get worse. Using round inquiries to deduce new information about DE’s state of affairs and the interconnection of the system’s constituents, a form emerged which suggested possible indexs of backsliding. A chief characteristic of disk shape is the capacity of the healer to see feedback from the systems involved and to ask for each portion of the system to associate their positions of other subsystems, thereby metacommunicating ( Selvini Palazzoli et Al. 1980a ; Byng-Hall, 1988 ; Cecchin, 1987 ) . Further important rules of disk shape are inquiring about specific behaviors that occur, instead than feelings or readings and ranking behaviors in order to foreground differences ( Barker, 1998 ; Dallos and Draper, 2000 ) . So, for illustration, DE’s keyworker was asked: â€Å"what does DE make when he breaks the regulations in the house† , â€Å"when you believe DE is get worsing, how do you cognize? What does he state or make? † , â€Å"who is most disquieted abou t DE utilizing drugs/alcohol? † . Similarly, DE was asked such inquiries as: â€Å"when you abscond from the attention place, who is most concerned? †¦ and so who? † , â€Å"when you are disquieted about the Satan assailing you, what make you make? † , â€Å"what would your keyworker say was most of import for you to acquire sorted out? † . A specific usage of round inquiring is to specify the job ( Bentovim and Bingley Miller, 2002 ) . Hence, members of DE’s system, including his cardinal worker, other multidisciplinary squad workers, available household members and DE himself were questioned as to â€Å"what is the job? What do you believe DE/keyworker/etc would state is the job? Who agrees with DE? Who disagrees? Who is it most a job for? † etc. Such information served to enrich the hypothesis that was being formulated of DE’s demands. Over clip, a systemic hypothesis evolved which incorporated the function of impaired household operation and an early sense of forsaking by DE’s natural female parent combined with the loss of his secondary, surrogate female parent lending to the development of a schizoaffective upset. A farther contributing factor may hold been DE’s move to the UK following his mourning and the sense of confusion and disaffection this may hold instilled. A preexistent exposure to his mental wellness jobs may hold been activated by DE’s usage of drugs and intoxicant, perchance his get bying mechanism to pull off the antecedently described stressors. In footings of DE’s behavior within his attention place, it would be of import to see physiological factors many of the concerns reported. The literature associated with schizoaffective upsets has suggested that the oncoming of the unwellness can bring forth cognitive shortages, including memory damage, planning, societal opinion and penetration ( Randolph, Goldberg and Weinberger, in Heilman A ; Valenstein, 1993 ; James and Murray, 1991 ) . These shortages, combined with the deficiency of household support and implicit in psychological issues, could hold resulted in the issues with conformity and rule-breaking reported by the professionals involved in DE’s attention. However, within a systemic attack, it is of import to see the dynamic interplay between the person and the assorted constituents of their system when gestating the job. In DE’s instance, it appeared that the effects of his drug and intoxicant usage and of rejection issues had non been to the full considered by staff at the attention place and hence the effects of these had been able to intensify into backsliding. Furthermore, it may hold been that an over-critical attitude towards DE prevailed within his attention place, as has been described in the construct of expressed emotion ( Leff, 1994 ) . This has by and large been reported as bing within the households of those with schizoaffective upsets and is thought to stand for shortages in communicating and overinvolvement. The map of the job is besides a critical component within a systemic preparation ( Reder and Fredman, 1996 ; Bilson and Ross, 1999 ) and in DE’s instance his showing issues appeared to stand for both a communicating of internal struggles ( loss, forsaking, etc ) and as a solution to the job perceived by him as inappropriate adjustment. Therefore, his behavior could be conceptualised as an effort to decide both internal and external discordance. However, clearly DE’s perceived solution merely served to intensify and keep the indispensable trouble, that of his deficiency of battle with aid and riotous behavior. Intervention There were assorted strands to my intercession with DE, within which I attempted to turn to the issues outlined in the above hypotheses. Initially, the issue of adjustment was addressed. In harmony with a systemic attack, DE’s needs and penchants, every bit good as sentiments derived from members of the multi-disciplinary squad, were matched with available adjustment. Three suited arrangements were identified which were attendant with the demands identified in DE’s attention program, that is: 24 hr residential adjustment with staff to oversee his medicine, promote independent life accomplishments and supervise his activities and behavior to place relapse indexs. DE’s sentiments on the three possible arrangements were sought and a determination reached on the most suited. In position of DE’s history of deficiency of battle with keyworkers, it was felt that regular meetings with his attention co-ordinator would be critical in researching his concerns and pos sible barriers to compliance with his attention program. The usage of round inquiring could be usefully extended in such meetings, in reframing DE’s perceptual experience of his concerns and enabling him to recognizing the effects of his behavior on himself and others. Specific facets of DE’s showing jobs were managed by referral to allow bureaus, therefore widening his system of support. For the substance abuse reported he was referred to a drug and intoxicant worker. A referral to psychological services was made to turn to his rejection and mourning issues. The engagement of DE’s grandma and uncle was besides an built-in portion of discoursing his troubles and it was postulated that at some point in the hereafter, systemic household therapy might be helpful in supplying some coherence to DE’s household construction and enabling communicating with this portion of his system. Once the initial concerns had been addressed, my function turned towards attention direction and a sensible monetary value for the adjustment was negotiated, along with the development of a comprehensive attention program which was presented to the agency’s support panel. The support was agreed and a discharge and transportation of attention CPA was arranged. Throughout the resulting treatments of programs, DE’s sentiments were sought. In order to outdo run into the demands identified and guarantee an optimum rehabilitation programme, DE’s attention program incorporated twenty-four hours attention activities, psychological and community forensic input. In conformity with the rules of a systems intercession, a non-judgemental stance was maintained throughout ( Goldenberg and Goldenberg, 2004 ) and the impression of partnership was promoted ( Dallos and Draper, 2000 ) . Additionally, the scheme of facilitating sustained alteration whilst non being an expert about the system was adopted ( Fleurida, 1986 ) , although this presented certain challenges as will be discussed in the undermentioned subdivisions. In footings of implementing DE’s arrangement, it was agreed that a gradual transportation which allowed him to set to the new scene would better his chances for rehabilitation. Therefore, nightlong corsets and extended corsets for a hebdomad prior to dispatch were arranged. Initially, troubles were experienced with DE’s conformity with some house regulations and I arranged a meeting with DE and the house director in order to discourse and negociate these in order to forestall a dislocation of the arrangement. Once more, round inquiries were used to clarify the job and place possible paths for alteration. For illustration, DE was asked, â€Å"when you don’t follow with this regulation, who is most disquieted? † and â€Å"what prevents you lodging to the regulations? † . The house director was asked inquiries such as, â€Å"What does DE make alternatively of lodging to the regulations? † and â€Å"what grounds do you believe he has for non fol lowing? † . Consequently, specific barriers and obstructions were identified and it was possible to negociate a manner in which DE could asseverate his individualism within the arrangement scene, whilst acting in ways which were acceptable to staff and other occupants. Therefore, the â€Å"fit† between DE and this peculiar system was enhanced. Review and Ending During my work with DE a dynamic, unstable hypothesis was formed which was based on systemic rules, in that it was round, addressed relationships, was expressed in footings of what people do and believe instead than what they are and included all members of the system ( Reder, 1983 ) . The hypothesis was continually monitored and reframed during the intercession stage, which facilitated alteration and enabled new positions and solutions to be considered. Other parts of DE’s system were besides modified by presenting round inquiries as they allowed the assorted professionals and bureaus involved to see how helpful or unhelpful the schemes they employed to pull off the exigencies of DE’s instance were and to derive different positions. It is of import to observe that this attack is distinguishable from simply supplying direction or information, in that it facilitates alteration through the procedure of thought and logical thinking. The initial focal point of intercession – to supply appropriate adjustment – was successfully completed. This was rendered smoother by the gradual passage to his new scene. By the terminal of the intercession, I believe that DE was able to prosecute in a more utile manner with the assorted constituents of his system and was more settled in his arrangement as a consequence. Reports from the house director and other professionals besides indicated that this was the instance. Referrals to other bureaus ( psychological science and drug and intoxicant services ) which comprised a critical constituent of the intercession, enabled an enlargement of DE’s systems and the meeting of antecedently inconsiderate demands. His advancement with these bureaus was ongoing. DE’s battle with community forensic services was valuable in deriving farther positions into his attention. Discussion Within systems theory, the inquiries themselves form a significant portion of the intercession ( Tomm, 1988 ) , as they are believed to take towards a constructive alteration in the debatable experiences and behaviors of service users. In add-on, inquiries constitute a much stronger invitation for users to go engaged in a conversation and procedure than make statements, instructions of information and provides stimulation to believe through jobs entirely, therefore advancing liberty and a sense of personal accomplishment ( Payne, 2002 ) . In continually seeking the positions of DE and positions from other parts of his system, it was possible to make a clearer image of the features of the job and to further a sense of ownership on the portion of DE. That is, because he felt portion of the procedure of alteration, he would be more likely to experience comfy with its parametric quantities. A farther portion of advancing DE’s conformity with his attention program was to utilize positive intension, another of import rule of systems theory ( O’Brian and Bruggen, 1985 ) . Positively implying DE’s behavior consisted non merely in reenforcing and praising his efforts to alter, but besides in admiting that his job behavior was functioning to show his dissatisfaction with the state of affairs he was in. An of import facet of intercession therefore was to pass on an apprehension of how things had come to be the manner they were. Merely through making this was it possible to dispute the bing belief system, pro posing new and different definitions of relationships. Therefore, by admiting the hurting of DE’s forsaking by his female parent with a referral to a psychologist, it enabled him to research a different manner of interacting with this portion of his system. Similarly, by sing the function of drugs and intoxicant in interceding his hurt and enabling him to get by with his state of affairs, other agencies of get bying were explored. The usage of systems theory was congruous with mental wellness policy counsel for CPA in that it was individual focussed, involved all relevant bureaus and required a acknowledgment of demands in order to ease the motion of service users through CPA. The designation of unmet demands in DE’s instance, every bit good as affecting multiple bureaus was important in pull offing his attention efficaciously. As DE was on enhanced CPA, it was of import to see multiple attention demands and to recognize that he was more likely to withdraw with attention. Once more, a holistic appraisal and a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, multi-agency program which encapsulated his wider system was necessary. Systems theory requires strategic believing about the possibilities and restrictions for alteration in the different systems impacting the user’s environment, every bit good as an apprehension of the possibilities for intercession in each system ( deShazer, 1982 ; Penn, 1982 ) , hence sing DE’s behavior in specific scenes and with specific persons and bureaus was a utile scheme. In add-on, possessing an apprehension of the possibilities for intercession within each system enabled me to believe creatively about different classs of action and possible results ( Byng_Hall, 1988 ) . Review and Evaluation In general, systems theory was a utile tool in working with DE, in that its rules guided many facets of the appraisal and intercession towards a good result. The basic dogmas of systems theory, of being respectful of all positions and trying to authorise the service user to implement alteration, are congruous with the CPA theoretical account of working. However, the rule of keeping neutrality ( i.e. hammering an alliance with all parts of the system ) and a non-judgemental, non adept stance ( Selvini Palazzoli et Al. 1980a ; Fleurida, 1986 ) proved to be more ambitious. As DE’s attention co-ordinator it could be expected that a greater confederation would be formed with him and besides that I would possess, in this function, information and cognition pertaining to a assortment of issues, such as fiscal aid available to him. Clearly in this instance, I was unable to keep a non-expert stance. Furthermore, being non-judgemental in relation to all DE’s showing demands ( for illustration, his drug and intoxicant abuse ) was really hard and whilst my attack could embrace the development of a shared apprehension of this behavior, finally the negative impact on DE’s mental wellness and stableness of his arrangement would necessitate to be acknowledged. Therefore, it could be said that there was a apposition between CPA attention direction and utilizing systems theory. However, it was possible to divide the two facets of my function with DE and use systems theory consequently. In footings of what I would make otherwise, I believe that a greater engagement of DE’s household would hold been good in order to help him in building a different narrative or narrative around his history, which would hold enriched his and possibly others’ apprehension of why jobs were showing themselves. Using systems theory to a service user such as DE, who may hold the cognitive shortages antecedently described, raises some of import ethical issues. First, sing the ability to give consent to such an attack being employed and to the seeking of positions from other parts of the system, such as household members and other workers. The potentially harmful influence of labels has been described in the literature of systems theory ( e.g. Benson, Long and Sporakowski ) , nevertheless the usage of labels such as â€Å"schizoaffective† and â€Å"enhanced CPA† would look ineluctable when working within a multidisciplinary squad which necessitates pass oning with tantamount linguistic communication. However, the usage of systems theory creates infinite for believing about the significance and impact of these labels and is, hence, at the really least a valuable and functional adjunct to the repertory of schemes for pull offing complex instances. Summary and Conclusion The work carried out with DE attempted to exemplify how persons function as a portion of many systems – they are affected by these systems and they, in bend, affect the systems. I believe that the round nature of DE’s showing issues and demands was highlighted efficaciously and the intercession took into consideration this dynamic interchange and the effects that alterations in one portion of a system will hold for other parts. Basically, I have learned that many jobs arise due to a mismatch between persons and the systems of which they are a portion and the function of a societal worker is to heighten the tantrum between the person and the systems impacting them. Mentions Barker, P. , 1998.Basic Family Therapy, 4ThursdayEdition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beckett, J.A. , 1973. General Systems theory, psychopathology and psychotherapeutics.International Journal of Group Psychotherapy,23, pp. 292-305. Benson, M.J ; Long, J.K. and Sporakowski, M.J. , 1992. Teaching abnormal psychology and the DSM-III R from a household systems therapy perspective.Family Relationss,41( 2 ) , pp. 135-140. Bentovim, A. and Bingley Miller, L. , 2002.The Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Troubles. London: Pavillion. Bertalanffy, L. von, 1968.General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Application.New York: Braziller. Bilson, A. and Ross, S. , 1999. A history of systems thoughts in societal work. In,Social Work Management and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2neodymiumEdition. Byng-Hall, J. , 1988. Scripts and fables in households and household therapy.Family Procedure,27, pp. 167-179. Cecchin, G. , 1987. Speculating, disk shape and neutrality revisited: an invitation to wonder.Family Procedure,26, pp. 405-413. Dallos, R. and Draper, R. , 2000.An Introduction to Family Therapy. Buckingham: Open University Press. de Shazer, I. , 1982.Forms of Brief Family Therapy: An Ecosystemic Approach. New York: Guildford Press. Fleurida, C. et al. , 1986. The development of round inquiries.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,12( 2 ) , pp. 112-127. Goldenberg, I. and Goldenberg, H. , 2004.Family Therapy:An Overview,6ThursdayEdition. London: Brooks/Cole. Guerin, P.J. and Pendagast, E.G. , 1976. Evaluation of household system and genogram. In, P.J. Guerin, erectile dysfunction.Family Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. James, P. and Murray, R.M. , 1991. The genetic sciences of schizophrenic disorder is the genetic sciences of neurodevelopment.British Journal of Psychiatry,158, pp. 615-623. Leff, J. , 1994. Working with the households of schizophrenic patients.British Journal of Psychiatry,164( suppl. 23 ) , pp. 71-76. O’Brian, C. and Bruggen, P. , 1985. Our personal and professional lives: larning positive intension and round inquiring.Family Prcess,24, pp. 311-322. Payne, M. , 2002. Systems and Ecological Perspectives. In,Modern Social Work Theory, 3rdEdition. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Penn, P. , 1982. Round inquiring.Family Procedure,21, pp. 267-280. Randolph, C. , Goldberg, T.E. and Weinberger, D.R. , 1993. The physiological psychology of schizophrenic disorder. In, K.M. Heilman and E. Valenstein, eds.Clinical Physiological psychology, 3rdEdition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reder, P. , 1983. Disorganised households and the assisting professions: â€Å"Who’s in charge of what? † .Journal of Family Therapy,5, pp. 23-36. Reder, P. and Fredman, G. , 1996. The relationship to assist: interacting beliefs about the intervention procedure.Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry,1( 3 ) , pp. 457-467. Selvini Palazzoli, M.S. , Cechin, G. , Prata, G. and Boscolo, L. , 1980a. Hypothesising-Circularity-Neutrality. Three guidelines for the music director of the session.Family Procedure,19( 1 ) , pp. 3-12. Selvini Palazzoli, M. , Boscolo, L. , Cecchin, G. and Prata, G. , 1980b. The job of the mentioning individual.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,6, pp. 3-9. Tomm, K. , 1988. Interventive interviewing: portion III. Intending to inquire lineal, round, strategic or automatic inquiries.Family Procedure,27, pp. 1-15. Brooding Diary Analysis I applied the theory of depth psychology to the pattern state of affairs in order to research implicit in issues which had made ME so dependent upon her spouse, JM. This appeared appropriate as it would supply an chance to derive information about any past experiences which had contributed to her present province, in peculiar, the nature and beginning of her anxiousnesss and frights. Uncovering this information would so inform my pattern with ME and JM and supply construction to any intercession. The overall intent of depth psychology derives from the Freudian premise that abnormal psychology develops when people remain incognizant of their true motives and frights and they can be restored to healthy working merely by going witting of what has been repressed ( Bower, 2005 ) . Freud believed that the unconscious struggles he uncovered – in dreams, in memory oversights, in neurotic symptoms – ever referred to certain critical events in the individual’s early life. His observations of his patients led him to reason that all human existences experience a mostly similar sequence of important emotional events in their early lives and that it is this childhood past that shapes their present ( Freud, 1905 ) . Although Freud cautioned against the usage of depth psychology in schizophrenic disorder, as he believed that sick persons of schizophrenic disorder had regressed to a province of â€Å"primary narcissism† , a stage early in the unwritten phase before the self-importance has differentiated from the Idaho ( Freud, 1905 ) , more modern-day psychoanalysts have adopted a different attack. Primarily followings of Melanie Klein, they have taken the place that the schizophrenic place, or dividing between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† objects, was a normal phase of development and that schizophrenic disorder was the late effect of non negociating this phase decently ( Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . Therefore, the flow of unconscious stuff ( e.g. psychotic beliefs, hallucinations and thought upset ) were actively encouraged, explored and participated in. In ME’s instance, a preparation of her presenting issues included the function of specific anxiousnesss and frights. Anxiety has been conceptualised psychodynamically as a province of weakness and â€Å"psychic pain† , which consequences from the sensed disagreements between one’s ideal ego ( or ego ideal ) and one’s existent ego ( Freud, 1926, cited in Brown and Pedder, 1991 ) . These painful disagreements can non so be easy assimilated into our witting position of ourselves and the universe because of the anxiousness they arouse and the effect is a â€Å"defence mechanism† activated to repress this psychic hurting. Using open-ended inquiries with ME, such as â€Å"how are you experiencing? † and leting her to react freely revealed a small of her province of head, Internet Explorer. â€Å"very low, ever tired and really sad† . It was interesting to observe ME’s spouse, JM’s, account of ME’s low temper, â€Å"the weather† , a topic he had mentioned at the beginning of the brush. This may bespeak an effort to avoid, or support against, speech production of hard issues and moreover, may stand for his ain header scheme. Further inquiries to arouse ME’s emotional province included â€Å"has it made a difference? † ( sing the usage of anti-depressants ) and â€Å"how do you experience about discontinuing smoke? † An built-in rule of depth psychology is the usage of transference and countertransference within any clinical brush ( Casement, 1985 ; Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . Transference is the conveyance of past feelings, struggles and beliefs into present relationships and state of affairss, specifically to the curative state of affairs ; whilst countertransference is a reversal of this – the feelings of the analyst towards the service user ( Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . For illustration, a manifestation of transference may be the single responding to their healer or carer as they would towards of import figures from their yesteryear, such as in a childlike or hostile mode. Countertransference has been exemplified in instances where down persons project their hopelessness and depair onto their healer, who in bend develops negative attitudes towards their client and the result of therapy. In the brush with ME, it was of import to be cautious that she was non reassigning her anxio usnesss and paranoid thoughts onto any confederation with me and to be cognizant of the possible projection of her broken and dependent thought. My premises sing ME prior to the meeting were that she would be more independent and possess greater verbal accomplishments, given that she was on standard CPA. As she was good supported in the community, I believed that my primary part would be to back up and prolong JM’s function of pull offing ME’s mental wellness. During the class of the meeting, it became apparent that ME relied on JM tremendously and that he often responded to inquiries on her behalf. When ME did answer, her responses were limited and reasonably concrete. In order tosupplement the psychoanalytic theory I was using to an apprehension of ME’s demands, I used motivational inquiring ( â€Å"what about some indoor activities? Like swimming, I remember you stating one time that you liked that and it was fun? ) , positive feedback ( â€Å"you quit smoke late and it’s been 8 hebdomads and that is superb. That took a batch of willpower† ) and some self-disclosure ( â€Å"†I int end on utilizing you as my function theoretical account in seeking to halt smoke myself† ) . Although non purely adhering to rules of depth psychology, it was necessary to accommodate the techniques I was utilizing in response to ME’s showing demands. Following my meeting with ME, I considered the utility of using depth psychology to an person with schizophrenic disorder. Whilst I had considered the ethical issue of non doing premises about the manifestation of symptoms, as different persons display changing features of the unwellness, I acknowledged that a pure psychoanalytic attack may be excessively demanding for ME. Alternatively, facets of the theoretical account, such as understanding the psychodynamic history and assisting the single move towards new nonpsychotic forms of life would be most utile. An attack outlined by Lamb ( 1982 ) , which recommends beef uping self-importance control, giving advice, covering with life’s jobs, presenting experiential topics ( decease, freedom, isolation and nonsense ) and cut downing guilt by â€Å"taking sides against the superego† , may stand for a more balanced position. Basically, I came to appreciate that open-mindedness and flexibleness are valuable pre-requisites when sing any curative stance and the application of specific theories and seting one’s attack to the demands the service user is critical. Mentions Bower, M. ( Ed. ) , 2005.Psychoanalytical Theory for Social Work Practice: Thinking Under Fire. Abingdon: Routledge. Brown, D. and Pedder, J. , 1991.Introduction to Psychotherapy, 2neodymiumEdition. London: Routledge. Casement, P. , 1985.On Learning From the Patient. London: Routledge. Freud, S. , 1905. Three parts to the theory of sex. In, A.A. Brill, ed..The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud.New York: Modern Library, 1938. Lamb, H.R. , 1982.Treating the Mentally Ill. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Salzberger-Wittenberg, I. 1970.Psychoanalytical Insight and Relationships: A Kleinian Approach. London: Routledge.

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Employment Law - Essay Example Those terms include the payment of 40,000 pounds annually and a discretionary bonus of 6,000 pounds provided he meets company deadlines. Although the bonus appears to be a flexible term in the sense that the company may at its discretion decline the payment of the bonus, the annual salary is a fixed term, agreed between the parties. A contract of employment is in many ways no different from a commercial contract in that it contains an exchange of agreements by which the parties are bound to observe.1 Like a commercial contract, an employment contract cannot be waived unilaterally unless the contract itself makes specific provision for variations of the type undertaken, although the contract may be varied by operation of statue without either parties’ consent.2 On the facts of the case for discussion there are no statutory provisions applicable to David’s salary under the contract with C Plus. It therefore follows that the variation could not be effected by the employer without David’s consent. It would appear that C Plus may be erroneously relying on a Section 4 Statement under the Employment Rights Act 1996 which permits variation of a Section 1 Statement.3 A Section 1 Statement is typically issued following the initial stage of employment and sets out the terms of employment. A Section 4 Statement will reflect changes to a Section 1 Statement. However, since a Section 1 Statement is not a contract in and of itself, but evidence of the existence of a contract,4 an employer can only logically rely on the validity of a Section 4 Statement if the employee to whom it relates agrees or does not voice an objection to it.5 Even if the employer fails to voice his or her objection to the Section 4 Statement the court may still deem it ineffective.6 David did however, voice his objection to the variation of his salary under the initial contract and by doing so makes the Section 4 Statement/variation of the contract invalid.

Avoiding plagiarism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Avoiding plagiarism - Assignment Example Another great and common form of academic dishonesty is plagiarism, which affects students in all universities around the world. Plagiarism occurs in different forms and students need to know if their actions constitute plagiarism or cheating as per set rules in the student code at the college. Copying information directly from a source such as a book or website, without giving credits amounts to plagiarism and is punishable because it means the student is dishonesty in matters academic. Another form of plagiarism can occur if students submits an already submitted piece of work by another student or for a different course without giving due credit or even paraphrasing the work. Lastly, fabrication is another form of academic dishonesty and includes a student using fake data or citations when given an assignment to complete. Fabrication will mean that the paper cannot be relied on for future references hence amounting to academic dishonesty. The use of MLA (Modern Language Association) citation style, academic dishonesty by students at Bellevue College can be a thing of the past. MLA, a citation used by English students and mainly those who study humanities in colleges, helps in avoiding plagiarism through proper citation of the source of a given piece of work. According to the MLA style, there are different approaches students can use to avoid plagiarism completely, and be honest in their assignments before submission. The style advocates for proper paraphrasing of work and parenthetical citation to ensure all your borrowed ideas are indicated as borrowed. There are three ways in which students can use MLA citation to avoid plagiarism when delivering their assignments. The first one is to ensure that they cite all quotations and borrowed ideas according to the guidelines of MLA style, such as using the author name or the author name

What factors prohibits youth from re-entering juvenile detention Research Paper

What factors prohibits youth from re-entering juvenile detention centers - Research Paper Example It has also been seen that 88% of the children re entering the community are either 15 years old or more. However such is not the situation in all the cases and many of the juveniles are successfully absorbed back in the society. The reasons behind the repetition of offenses by the juvenile delinquents have interested the clinical psychologists. A study of the factors that successfully help the juvenile delinquents keep away from the detention center is necessary for the development of the community and this may reduce the number of cases of juvenile delinquencies (Youth Reentry, n.d). Review of current research A number of studies have been conducted to explain the offenses done by a child. Understanding the reasons behind the actions of an offender can help the psychologist eliminate the reason. One of the significant features of juvenile delinquencies has been gang behavior. The juvenile offenders often belong to a gang and commit crimes in the same. According to Roberts and Sprin ger (2007, p 200) the members of a gang have a sense of belonging to the group with feelings such as ‘looking out for each other’ and ‘staying together’. The gang works like a family where the other members deal with any threat posed to a gang member. Sometimes the older members of the gang pass on the traditions of the same to the new members. For a child from a disturbed family, getting included in a gang becomes a natural option in order to fill up the void created by the absence of a properly functional family. It also helps to nurture self-esteem within a child who is suffering from low confidence. Under such a situation the authors have advised to work on the strengths of the child. Sometimes the counselor may need to work on the strengths of the family...Introduction The Juvenile Act of 1973 declared that the children who were not suitable to return to their family were to be kept in a detention center that was separated from the adult delinquents. T hese out of the home facilities are called the juvenile detention centers. The juvenile criminal offenders are often separated from the community when they are perceived to be a threat to the society by placing them in these juvenile detention centers. In this way the detention centers offer a protection to the community as well as the juvenile delinquents. In these detention centers the children are supervised and structured programs are offered to them in order to reduce the ill effects of their confinement. The programs usually consist of educational aspects, recreational aspects and other developmental aspects to develop the social skills of the child with a view to help him return to the community after the release (Juvenile Detention Facility, n.d.). For successful rehabilitation in the community of the youths after their return from the detention center a number of measures must be taken.

Triple Vessel Ischemic Heart Disease Treatment Case Nursing Essay

Triple Vessel Ischemic Heart Disease Treatment Case Nursing Essay Mr. MS is a 58-year-old Malay male who was previously diagnosed with hypertension, gout and triple vessel ischemic heart disease. He first presented with chest pain in March 2010 where he was diagnosed with ischemic heart disease. He was unable to complete an exercise stress test and an angiogram done in Hospital Sultanah Aminah found him to have triple vessel disease. He was told angioplasty was not possible due to the severity of the blocks and was counseled for CABG but he was not keen. Meanwhile, he has had angina attacks 2 to 3 times per week every week since his initial diagnosis for the last 3 months, usually relieved by sublingual GTN and was currently admitted for the 4th time for chest pain not relieved by GTN. ECG done 2 hours after onset of chest pain showed ST depression of 2mm at leads I, aVL, V3 V6 and left axis deviation with no Q waves. Trop T was positive (2.75 ng/ml) at 4 hours after onset and other cardiac enzymes were also raised significantly. He was diagnosed with NSTEMI and treated with aspirin 300mg, IV morphine 2.5 mg, sublingual GTN 3 tablets and subcutaneous clexane 60mg BD for 3 days as well as continuing his current medication regime of simvastatin, metoprolol, cardiprin, ISDN, amlodipine and GTN. Following admission, he was well in the ward with no recurrence of chest pain and did not develop any new complaints. He was discharged after 3 days of inpatient treatment with instructions to attend his follow-up appointment at the cardio clinic in HSAJB on the 16th of June 2010 to make an appointment for surgery. Following this episode of chest pain, which he says is the worst so far, he is now quite keen for CABG. 2) CLINICAL HISTORY Chief Complaint Chest pain for 1 day. History of Present Illness Mr. MS is a 58-year-old Malay male who was previously diagnosed with gout, hypertension and ischemic heart disease with triple vessel disease. He was awoken from sleep at about 10pm due to a central chest pain of sudden onset. He described the character of the pain as crushing in nature and radiated to his neck. This episode of chest pain was the most severe since he was first diagnosed with ischemic heart disease. The pain was associated with profuse sweating, body weakness and was not relieved by rest. However, it was relieved by sublingual GTN, of which he has a supply of. His discomfort was made worst by exertion so he lay in bed to recover. Despite this, he had another episode of chest pain 30 minutes later. He took the sublingual GTN again but this time, the pain did not resolve. He was then brought to the emergency department of Hospital Batu Pahat by his son. This is Mr. MSs fourth admission for chest pain since March 2010. Since his diagnosis of ischemic heart disease in March, he has experience angina attacks two to three times per week, especially on exertion such as when straining while passing motion. During these attacks, he uses sublingual GTN to relieve his symptoms and normally feels much better after that. He only comes to the hospital when GTN does not work to relieve his symptoms. Systemic Review Mr. MS does not experience symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, epigastric pain, shortness of breath, fever, and had no syncopal episodes. He also does not have loss of appetite or loss of weight. Bowel and urinary habits are normal. His sleep has not been affected until this current episode whereby he was awoken by the chest pain. Past Medical History Mr. MS was diagnosed with hypertension 6 years ago when he had an episode of headache. He has been on medication since and was on regular follow-up with KK Rengit. He was diagnosed with gout 5 years ago when he had a left big toe swelling which resolved after some medication. He is not on long term medication for gout. Mr. MS was admitted for the first time 5 years ago in 2005 when he had bilateral renal calculi. He was subsequently referred to Hospital Sultanah Aminah for further management of this problem and it has since resolved and does not have follow-up anymore. Mr. MS was diagnosed with ischemic heart disease in March 2010 when he presented with chest pain for the first time. Following his recovery, he underwent a stress test in Hospital Batu Pahat but according to him, was unable to complete the procedure due to chest discomfort. He was referred to the cardiology unit in Hospital Sultanah Aminah for further management where an angiogram was performed and he was told to have triple vessel disease. He was also told that angioplasty was not possible due to the severity of the blocks. He was recommended to have Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) but as of yet, no appointment has been made as he was still unsure of going through with the procedure. Following this episode of chest pain, Mr. MS has decided that going for the CABG is the only thing that will keep him alive. His current medications include: Tab Simvastatin 20mg OD Tab Metoprolol 75mg BD Tab Cardiprin 100mg OD Tab Isosorbide Dinitrate (ISDN) 5mg TDS Tab Amlodipine 10mg OD Sublingual Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) PRN He is compliant to his medication regime. Mr. MS is not known to have diabetes or hyperlipidemia. He also does not have any known food or drug allergies. Family History Mr. MS is the 3rd of 9 siblings. His father had hypertension and passed away a long time ago due to unknown causes. His mother and other siblings are healthy. None of them have hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease or malignancy. Social History He lives in a kampung in Rengit with his wife and 5 children. Mr. MS does not smoke nor consume alcohol. He works in a palm oil plantation. The distance from his house to Hospital Batu Pahat is about half an hour. On further enquiry, Mr. MS says that the cost of the CABG is about RM1000, which he can afford. 3) FINDINGS ON CLINICAL EXAMINATION (Mr. MS was examined by me 9 hours after onset of chest pain) Mr. MS was alert, conscious, and communicative. He was not in obvious pain or respiratory distress. He was lying down comfortably on his bed. There were no tendon xanthomata, xanthelasma, pallor, corneal arcus or pedal edema. His JVP was not raised. His clinical parameters are: Blood Pressure : 158/94 mmHg Heart Rate : 94 beats per minute. Regular rhythm Respiratory Rate : 20 breaths per minute Temperature : 37Â °C SpO2 : 97% under room air On examination of the precordium, the apex beat was located at the 5th intercostal space on the midclavicular line and was normal in character. Parasternal heave was not felt and there were no thrills. First and second heart sounds were heard. There were no murmurs or added heart sounds. On examination of the chest, there was no deformity and chest expansion was equal on both sides. Percussion and tactile vocal fremitus was normal and equal on both sides. On auscultation, vesicular breath sounds were heard throughout all lung fields with good air entry. There was no wheezing or crepitations heard. On examination of the abdomen, it was soft and non-tender. There were no masses felt. Bowel sounds were heard and normal. 4) PROVISIONAL AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES WITH REASONING Provisional Diagnosis Acute myocardial infarction with underlying triple vessel ischemic heart disease and hypertension With a history of diagnosed triple vessel ischemic heart disease with multiple episodes of angina attacks since the initial diagnosis, it is highly likely that Mr. MS is presenting with an acute coronary event and this should be a priority until proven otherwise. This is evidenced by the presentation of central, crushing chest pain of sudden onset that radiated to the neck and associated with profuse sweating and body weakness which is classical of a myocardial infarction. Mr. MS will require immediate investigations such as an electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes to differentiate the acute coronary syndromes so that the appropriate management may be instituted for him e.g. if he has an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), he will require myocardium-saving thrombolytic therapy to disrupt the ischemic event. As Mr. MS did not present with features such as acute shortness of breath, loss of consciousness and severe palpitations, it seems that he does not have complicati ons of acute myocardial infarction but these developments should be watched out for throughout his admission as complications may arise later. Differential Diagnosis Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism is a possibility that can be considered when a patient presents with an acute chest pain that is accompanied by shortness of breath, hemoptysis, tachypnea, fever and even cyanosis and collapse in severe cases. Furthermore, the chest pain is of a pleuritic nature, of which it is worsened on breathing, and a pleural rub can be heard on auscultation of the chest. However, Mr. MS did not present in such a way. At the same time, Mr. MS did not have risk factors such as a deep vein thrombosis, prolonged immobilization or recent surgery. It is still highly likely that Mr. MS has suffered an acute myocardial infarction, and an ECG would help to differentiate between the two as pulmonary embolism might show the classic S1Q3T3 pattern of right axis deviation or right bundle branch block. Either way, the diagnosis should be made quickly so treatment may be instituted before his condition becomes worse or complications develop. Aortic dissection Aortic dissection presents as an acute onset chest pain that is tearing in nature, and often radiates to the back. It is often confused with myocardial infarction due to its presentation but differences include the lack of profuse sweating, signs of heart pump dysfunction and a normal ECG. Risk factors are usually uncontrolled hypertension, connective tissue disorders or chest trauma. Mr. MS has hypertension, but is under control, and does not have the other risk factors. A diagnosis of myocardial infarction should be the priority as thrombolytic therapy is vital, but if there is any reason to doubt that diagnosis, then further investigations should be performed. 5) IDENTIFY AND PRIORITISE THE PROBLEMS 1. Acute chest pain Mr. MS has acute chest pain with features very suggestive of a classical picture of myocardial infarction as he presents with crushing central chest pain that radiates to the neck and associated with profuse sweating and weakness. Given that he is known to have triple vessel ischemic heart disease and that he has suffered many angina attacks since his initial diagnosis, it is highly likely that he is having an acute myocardial infarction. Without further a due, he needs an electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac enzymes tested to distinguish between the different acute coronary syndromes so that the appropriate treatment protocols may be initiated for him as soon as possible to disrupt the ongoing ischemia. As Mr. MS is having severe chest pain that may overstimulate his sympathetic system and cause further ischemia, he will require immediate supportive therapy such as effective pain medication and oxygen therapy. 2. Triple vessel ischemic heart disease awaiting CABG Mr. MS was diagnosed with triple vessel ischemic heart disease when he first presented with chest pain in March 2010 and has since experienced many episodes of angina. Given his diagnosis and disease pattern, he is at a very high risk of developing a severe acute coronary event that may prove fatal if the infarction is too extensive or if complications develop. As percutaneous revascularization with a stent or balloon was not possible for him, he will require a CABG to both relieve his symptoms and reduce his mortality risks in the long term. He was unsure of going ahead with the operation previously, therefore no appointment date was given for surgery. However, now that he has changed his mind, every effort should be made by both the doctors in charge of him here in Hospital Batu Pahat and in the cardiology unit of Hospital Sultanah Aminah to arrange for his surgery as soon as possible, given the circumstances of his condition. 3. Compliance to medication Mr. MS is on several medications for his triple vessel ischemic heart disease and will require revascularization surgery soon in order to decrease his mortality risks. However, waiting for a CABG in the government setting may take some time, even under dire circumstances due to the nature of the system. Therefore, it is extremely crucial that Mr. MS is compliant to his medication regime while awaiting a CABG to prevent another episode of infarction. He should be counseled to fully understand this and the situation of his ischemic heart disease. It is also the responsibility of his doctors to ensure that he is taking the right combination of medications with the aim to prevent another acute cardiac event. Meanwhile, a sufficient supply of sublingual GTN should be provided for Mr. MS in cases of angina attacks at home. He should come to the hospital immediately if GTN fails to relieve his symptoms. 4. Regular screening for comorbid diseases Mr. MS has not been diagnosed with diabetes or hyperlipidemia previously but these diseases are strong risk factors for the long term implications of his ischemic heart disease. Therefore, Mr. MS should be screened regularly e.g. twice yearly during his follow-up appointments. Early detection of diabetes is necessary so that treatment can start as soon as detected in order to prevent his ischemic heart disease from becoming worst than it already is. As for his lipid control, if his lipid profile is found to be outside the normal limits, the dosage of his medication can be increased as necessary. Following his CABG, he will need to maintain a healthy lifestyle of a good, well-balanced, low-salt and low-fat diet and regular exercise within his limits. 6) PLAN OF INVESTIGATION, JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF TESTS OR PROCEDURES, AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) To look for any changes that may indicate an ongoing ischemic event, such as ST elevation or depression and T wave inversion in order to support the diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction so appropriate treatment can be started. Differentiation of ST segment elevation or depression is also crucial in initiating treatment as thrombolytic therapy is only indicated for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Results: ECG on admission (2 hours after onset) shows sinus rhythm with ST depression at leads I, aVL, V3 V6 with left axis deviation. T wave was present and normal. Interpretation: The ST depression in the leads above indicate an ischemic event at the anterolateral sections of the heart. The lack of ST elevation concludes a diagnosis of either unstable angina or NSTEMI, depending on the levels of cardiac enzymes. There is no sign of old infarction. 2. Cardiac Enzymes To look for elevated levels of cardiac enzymes such as troponin T, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST) that will indicate myocardium ischemia and necrosis. If elevated, a diagnosis of NSTEMI can be made in accordance with the ECG changes. However, cardiac enzymes when done too early after onset may not show any rise in levels 1. This does not mean that necrosis has not taken place and the test should be repeated once more at 6 hours after onset 1. Results: Troponin T (4 hours after onset) 2.75ng/ml ↑ (12 hours after onset) (60 hours after onset) Normal Range (U/L) CK 997 ↑ 263 ↑

Global Warming: Implications on Public Health Essay -- Climate Change,

Theories of global warming surfaced in the nineties as the decade proved to be the warmest on record. Since then, nations have come together to attempt to reverse the effects, if that is at all possible. Some refused and some have made great strides in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions hoping that this will lead a reversal in the direction of the temperature pattern. Many nations have a great stake in the future of the World’s climate, as it is the dictator of our very existence. The nations with the most stake in threats of sea level rising and destructive weather tend to be those whose economies are already weak or teetering. Haughty nations with vast resources such as the United States have a little more time to relax. However, new projections of disease vectors, driven by warm weather, finding their way into temperate climates of the economic giants. Diseases such as dengue, malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, and cholera which usually spare the Americas could be moving North. Cases of such diseases are popping up as far north as New York and Canada striking fear and genuine concern. Models have lead to projections of potential outbreaks of such diseases in industrialized nations. Many say that a warm climate could be what makes the difference. Others still fear not a plague resulting from global climate change and rest assured that industrialized nations are protected by modern conveniences such as advanced medicine, sanitation, and proper housing. Both sides have valid points and credible scientists supporting them. This paper will detail both sides of the argument citing evidence of those who see disaster on the way and those who downgrade the threat to just hype. Introduction Global ... ...mperate regions global warming foster spread of disease into other regions.† World Disease Weekly Plus 23 Mar 1998: 11-12. Kocin, Paul J., Graf, Daniel H. and Gartner, William E. â€Å"Snow. (snowfall records in the US) (Cover Story).† Weatherwise 12 Feb 1995: 24-29. Meyer, Tara. â€Å"Disease, climate experts debate effects of global warming on health.† AP Online 10 Mar 1998: PG. Morris, Kelly. Global-warming predictions may not always be what they seem. Lancet 350 (9094) (1998): 1825. Reiter, Paul. â€Å"Don’t Blame the Heat.† The New Scientist 6 Feb 1999. PG. Simon, Tamar. â€Å"Canadian malaria cases on the rise.† Discovery Channel Canada 25 May 1998: PG. Taubes, Gary. â€Å"GLOBAL WARMING: Apocalypse Not.† Science 7 Nov 1997: PG. Wilton, Peter. â€Å" Malaria may be on move to `tropical' Canada.† CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 158 (2) (1998): 160.

Economic Globalization and Global Sustainable Development Essay

Topic: To what extent is Economic Globalization an obstacle or an opportunity for Global Sustainable Development? Introduction: Globalisation refers to the growing link between nations resulting from an increase in trade people and ideas in one global market place. Globalisation is a concept that has its roots dating back to the ages of Karl Marx, Peter Dicken (2011). Globalisation has become a platform for many developed an developing nation to engage in trade and investment related activities. Cross border investments and international trades are the key elements of Globalisation. Globalisation was introduced in the global economy in mid 1980’s . Introduction of globalisation has resulted the companies to lower the costs especially in terms of transportation, communication and moreover to analyze the economic feasibility of the firms to setup different phases of their productions around the globe based on their economic feasibility. Globalisation has been focus area of research for academic scholars from mid 1980’s , Globalisation has been termed differently by different scholars. For some of the research scholars Globalization creates a positive technological, political or economic progress. For some of the scholars it creates a dominance of the developed nations over the developing nations. For some globalisation has changed the global business scenario in which the power of the state is defined by the power of firms. Globalisation has different types of features like economic, social, cultural, political and environmental features. Due to globalisation tremendous changes taken place in global trade and exchanges, and boundary less international integration which includes the international migration, currency exchange, transfer of technology and flow of ideas and information internationally. Globalisation  also initiates the change of industrial structures which help to increase the power, productivity, capacity and profitability of that firm. As a result of globalisation the internationalised enterprises depend on subsidiaries and strategic alliances which lead to the comparative and competitive advantage. The cultural taste and priorities also influenced by globalisation through global communication like email and internet. Taking the positive and negative side, challenges and opportunities, could say that globalisation has changed the world system and the trends which is more likely to be continued in future as well. This will result the higher flow of the goods, capital, culture, people, technology, invention and services. One of the benefits of globalisation is increase in production and efficiency. Due to competition among the markets may lead to improved division of labour. Competition among the markets also increase the production, output, higher wage level and better living standards. When considering the problems of equity and distribution it could be a burden to poor and developing countries that has to pay the burden of exclusion and marginalisation sharing the benefits of globalisation. So there is an essential of making market favour to the poor as well by decreasing the social barriers and help the poor countries to get along with the risks and shocks. Globalization has created a new potential for the development and wealth creations for the firms which can be analyzed based on different views mainly based on political, business and economist view. Political View: According to Ohmae 1995 and Scholte 2000 the idea about globalisation is bringing about the demise of sovereign national state as global forces undermine the ability of governments to control their own economies and societies. In the world of Politics Globalization is termed as the widening deepening and ease of access of the world interconnectedness and the issues or the outcomes of these issues is in the study of world politics. Business View: On a business perspective globalization refers to a wide range of business activities undertaken across national borders. Globalization has favoured  lot of business activities and drawn attentions of many business executives. According to Al-Rodhan 2006, Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities for business across national boundaries. Globalisation helps in declining in restrictions for the business to selling their products in other countries other than the home country. There by helping business to sell their products internationally and lower prices according to consumer affordability. Economist view: An economist view globalisation is defined as an economic interdependence of geographically distinct people. According to Heron (2008) explains that Globalisation is about movement of goods, resources and enterprises across national boundaries seeking cheaper resources to maximize profit and efficiency† The economic view of globalisation is closely linked to the political view. Political aspect of a country helps to facilitate the changes in the economic process of the country. Pons and cons of economic globalisation: Globalization can create conflicts at different levels, especially when the counties that benefit from globalization have been richer countries of OECD. There has been a wide range of economic disparities especially in case of income. Mainly with many of the Asian developing nations joining the club of richer countries and poorer countries of Africa and Latin American and some of the European nations going poorer. The problem of distribution of income remains the main challenge of Globalization. There are also many challenges that rooted because of the interdependence of the economies. The local economic crises and fluctuations of one country started affecting the economies of the other countries. One of the main examples being the financial crisis of Asia started in Thailand in 1998 and spread to other south east Asian nations and international financial systems. This was one of the biggest examples of financial vulnerability in the financial systems due to globalization. Recent subprime mortgage crisis and subsequent economic recessions was one of the main examples of the inter connectedness  of countries due to globalisation. These have also led to economic warfare and even military actions in some cases. However on analyzing the recession of 2009 event though there has been a wide hit in the growth of GDP in many countries the economies of china and India showed a strong positive sign and maintained a sturdy GDP growth which was a big blow to all the critics of globalisations. Globalisation has been rise since the end of cold war. Developed economies as seen a wide jump in there GDP during these periods. But off late the scenario has changed the there has been a wide jump in the GDP of developing nations like India and China. Increase in Foreign Investments can be used as one measure of growing economic globalization. There has been a huge inflow of FDI into the developing economies of Asian countries. The specialisation of companies and people in creating goods and services in a globalized economy through global trade contribute to the highest prosperity but can lead to monotony because Globalisation creates monotony in production allocating production levels to the most suited regions. For example production of rice in a region would cause the soil to become in fertile and creates an ecological imbalance. Another impact of globalization is the impact on sovereign countries, they have lost control over their economies and the power has moved to the developed nations, multinationals and international financial institutions. This highlights the fact that national sovereignty has been systematically undermined by the effects of globalisation. This impact had a greater effect on the poorer and developing countries, Leading to an increasing cynicism among political elites and their citizenries. This has led for an increase in national sentiments, populism and protectionism among the citizens which in turn led to political movements against globalisation. The impact of globalisation can also become a scapegoat especially in case of failure of national policies like causing high unemployment and undermining social welfare during different phases of development. Globalisation has also created a great source of regional disparities which in turn has led to initiation of many warfare and destabilisation in many regions. For example they have created ethinic irredentism, violence and regional conflicts like wars from Iraq to Afghanistan to horn of Africa. The interconnectedness of globalisation has also led to evolution of terrorism , environmental impacts  like global warming etc. How globalization impacts sustainable development? Globalisation is featured by both endogenous factors and exogenous factors i.e. Its is influenced by factors like the rise in technology as well as the decision making of the governments like the foreign trade liberalisation. According to Pearce and Barbier (2000) sustainable development contains three main components environment social and economic development. Globalization has impacted this entire factor. The recently published framework by OECD for sustainable development contains four main factors. Wider use of Markets: They suggest increasing the scope of expanded use of market based approach to provide signals to internalise markets and social externalities in an efficient manner. On the environment side this is likely to involve more use of environmental taxes and subsidies. Strengthen decision Making Process: Sustainable development can be achieved at all levels by coordinating and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of policy interventions. In other words this also states that the governments should integrate environmental and social policy needs into sectors and bring in transparency in policy design implementation Harness Science and Technology: Scientific advancements and technology are one of the major forces underlying in increasing productivity and living conditions of people. This imply that there is a need for the governments to spend more on the researches and technology enhancements. Manage Links to the Global economy: The developing countries should be more a major player in the global economic activities and international trade and investment flows are major concerns of sustainable development. Trade and Investment flow need to be as compatible as possible with society’s environmental and social policy objectives. The increasing interconnectedness both on the selling as well as on the market with the introduction of globalization has led to a sharp increase in the division of labour and a focus on the competencies of every individual at all the levels. Multinational companies restrict to good and services offered at high quality at lower prices. The global trading of goods and services has led to a worldwide increase in production. According to world bank production of goods and services increase by 45% during the past decade due to the introduction of globalisation, The growth data mainly indicates from the developing economies like China, Brazil, India, Russia and South Africa. Especially in case of china with its huge population in manufacturing sector has met the majority of demand from the western world. Developing countries like India which was once a British colony mainly exporting Tea and cotton has become a global player in the international markets. The economic power revelations are drifting away from strong holds of developed countries like US and EU states to developing nations like China Inda Brazil etc. Globalization has helped to reduce poverty World Bank estimates reveal that number of people who lived on less than one dollar a day decreased from 2.5 billion in 2004 to 260 million in 2007. This was mainly due to the poverty reduction in countries like India and China. At the same time we could see that there is wide increase in income difference The anti-globalisation and the debate One of the main challenges faced by globalisation is that it requires grater participation efforts among the developed countries and the poorer countries and the developing nations. Joint efforts are required for creating new political structure and restructuring existing structure in order to bring a sustainable economic globalisation. This is not an easy effort for the governments as it require a better clarity and transparency in our economic systems, appropriate accountability and above all a vast reserve of political will. The main challenges remain with distribution of income and equally distributing the gains of globalisation, In short the governments can choose two side approach to bring in a sustainable economic development. Firstly by developing or improving the policies for domestic policy   among developed nations and secondly by improving the systematic use and advancement in technology. This approach would especially help the economies of developing countries because they are more susceptible to global capital volatility. This would help them to rely less on foreign inflow of capital and generate wealth within the economy. According to Dani Rodrik (2009). has emphasised the centrality of locally financed investment for the success of small, open developing economies, and hence there is a need for them to increase private and public savings. Public spending among developing countries can, therefore, play a socially and economically efficient Conclusion: Globalisation posses a deep reaching roots and also a force that helps to influence the direction of the nation. The aim of the globalisation is to remove all the difficulties and privatize all the resources and services. There are few factors that influenced the globalisation that includes the sophisticated communications, transportation technologies and services, migration and immigration and people started moving from places to places, a level of economic activity that helps to grow the market by combining the industrial markets and these international agreements helps to reduce the cost of doing business in foreign countries. Through this process of globalisation the world economy has integrated and increased. This integration helps to advance the trading of goods and services, the capital flow and made it easy for the migration of people across the world there by bringing in a sustainable economic development.. In 1980’s this word have been used when the internet and technology helped to increase, and faster the business across the world. For sure the globalisation has positives effect universally but there were protest against the WTO regarding the hazards of globalization. There were many anti globalisation movements like the consumer boycotts on the goods produced by multinational companies. In Short it can be concluded that market liberalisation by itself does not solve all the problems, it has caused severe damages to poor nations. Globalisation is the key the factor in today’s business world. The new era of Globalisation brings in new challenges and opportunities. I believe sustainable economic development can be achieved only by more   participation from all the levels of the economy. It is advisable to consider all the factors like environmental factors, Employment factors when taking business decision regarding globalisation in an economy. Scientific use of technolo gy and bringing a clear transparency in government governance would help the economy to bring in a sustainable economic development. References: Aggarwal, Raj, Colm Kearney and Jenny Berrill, â€Å"Defining and Classifying MNCs in International Business: Implications for Research Design and Strategy† Adams Jan 1997, Globalisation trade and the environment . In Globalization and Environment : OECD Acker, Joan. 2004. â€Å"Gender, Capitalism and Globalisation † Critical Sociology 30 (1): 17-41 Connell, R. (2005). Change among the gatekeepers: Men, masculinities and gender equality in the global arena. Signs: journal of women in culture and society , 30(3), 1801- 1825. Clark, I., Globalization and Fragmentation : International Relations in theTwentieth Century (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997) Freeman, Richard B. (2006), â€Å"People Flows in Globalization† Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 2, Spring, p. 145-170. Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom (University of Chicago Press,Chicago, 1982), p.133. Germaine, R., ed., Globalization and Its Critics (London: Macmillan, 1997). Gill, Stephen, â€Å"Economic Globalization and the Internationalization ofAuthority: Limits and Contradictions,† Geoforum, 23 (1992), 269. Hall, Nigel 2002 Globalisation and Third World Poverty, paper presented to New Zealand Association of Social Workers annual conference, unpublished Moghadam, Valentine. 1999. â€Å"Gender and Globalisation: Female Labor and Women’sMobilization.† Journal of World Systems Research V(2): 367 -388

Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay †Example

Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay – Example Free Online Research Papers Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay Example 1. Describe your experiences as a member of a team working in a professional or volunteer capacity. Comment on how you might have used leadership skills in these situations, and how your involvement helped to improve the functioning of the organization. I was able to recognize the true nature of leadership when I joined the Nationwide College Student xxx Contest in the summer vacation of the third year in college. The xxx team at xxx University of which I was in charge was just a club newly established and the members of my team was afraid of being placed on the bottom among 24 participant teams. As a result, they seemed to agree with the idea of passing up the participation in the contest. Given the chance of making my own argument with reference to the participation, I firmly decided to take part in the contest as a team head, although we might be placed on the tail, in order to set a good example to the following underclassmen. Once the decision was fully made, my mission was to build confidence of the team. Therefore, I participated in the Motivation Building Camp for 5 days implemented by the xxx with 18 members of my team, preliminary candidates for the team included. Owing to survival from 12 hours of rigorous training such as penetration of mud and 2 km swimming on a daily basis, the first outcome was friendship and confidence. My colleagues were able to gain confidence that we could do it whatever it takes because we had gone through the real training of xxx that we usually saw in the movie. By the end of harsh training, we were able to feel strong brotherhood like We are the one. between ourselves. The next step I took was to join the intensive training in terms of technology and localization for 10 days in xxx by introducing a professional coach of xxx from Korea xxx Association. The decision was based on my conviction that we would not be able to accomplish our goal only with motivation but effective training. Compared to other teams involved in 40 days of training annually, we trained ourselves for just 10 days. The qualified instruction of the professional coach served as great help to the development of technique in our team. Although our team eventually gained the second runner-up in the contest in August 15 19xx, the members of our team shouted for joy, saying We made it! over and over again. Although we couldnt win the contest, all of us were able to experience much more valuable things than the championship-confidence, friendship, and the sense of challenge. During the whole phase of the contest, I had no choice but to make lots of decisions as a leader of the team all by myself. Throughout this experience, I realized the significant elements of leadership for the sake of right decision as follows. The leader should have the sense of challenge and the ability to make the members of the team build confidence not to speak of friendship. In this context, I realized the outcome of business depends mainly on the efficient leadership from the bottom of my heart. 2. Boston University seeks a diverse entering class, rich with students of unique talents and experiences. Describe how your personal distinctiveness will make for a stronger learning environment at Boston University, and how this distinctiveness will contribute to your success as a manager. My main contribution to Boston MBA program is the knowledge on the Asian information and communication business circle and venture business. Since I was in college, I have been deeply interested in the field of information and communication in Asia, devoting myself to the research on the field. In college, I established a research club on venture business by the name of xxx with other 12 fellow students in the department of business administration. Therefore, we opened conferences on a regular basis for the sake of predicting their technology, business management, and prospect for the development of 50 potential venture businesses in Korea. As a matter of fact, we expected 8 companies such as xxx and xxx would grow as world leading companies during that time. Like the way we expected, they are currently marking rapid increase in stock value more than xx times of its original value in x years. In this context, it proved our high level of capability in terms of analysis. Thanks to my vigorous attention, during x years of work experience at xxx, I have been mainly involved in the business analysis for the sake of foreign investment company that would like to invest on the Korean venture businesses as well as Korean companies that would like to invest on the information and communication enterprises in Asia including China. Beyond that, I personally spent lots of time in developing the level of my knowledge on the information and communication business circle in about 80 countries in Asia including Korea. In this context, I am confident that I have more specific and analytical knowledge as to what is going on in Asian venture businesses than anybody else. In particular, I am eligible to transfer a great deal of knowledge on the technology, potential, and flaw of the main venture businesses in terms of Internet in Korea to the fellow students in Boston. I hope that my specific knowledge will serve as great help when my colleagues in Boston enter the bus iness market in Asia after graduation. 3. Why is an MBA, MS/MIS, or MSIM the next natural step in your career advancement? Why is this the right time for you to pursue graduate management education? Please mention your career goals in your response. After graduating from your university in 20xx, I intend to return to xxx,the company at which I am currently employed, and work for x years as a consultant to venture companies in Korea and Asia. By the year 20xx, I hope to have founded my own consulting firm and to operate a venture incubator company that nurtures startup ventures by providing support with capital investment and management consulting. To this end, if possible, I plan to pursue a CFA certification after graduating from your business school. Armed with the CFA certification along with a top business schools international exposure, strength in finance, and management training, I will concentrate my efforts on turning venture companies into world-class companies with my technical expertise and aspiration. Working at xxx for the last x years helped solidify my goals. After graduating from college in February of 19xx and joining xx- considered as the most experienced consulting company in Korea I concentrated on analyzin g investment results and securing foreign capital for Korean companies. The four projects which I handled in these two years were mainly market forecasting and return-on-investment analysis for companies looking to invest in the Internet and telecommunications. During this period, I was able to discover the enormous market potential in Asia for Internet-related businesses. In particular, xxx to which I was a consultant for two months starting May 19xx, and the xxx Project, for which I am currently a consultant, are xxx projects with expected revenues of $xx billion and $xx billion respectively over the next 10 years; they are model cases that showed me the potential of venture telecommunications companies. In working on these projects, I discovered the possibility of unearthing venture companies operating in Asia and developing nations and turning them into global competitors. I decided that in order to realize this goal, I must gain a greater insight on the business international environment in addition to the management and accounting knowledge that I currently have. This is the first reason why I want to go to business school. I want to cultivate my management abilities by engaging in focused studies on areas such as Corporate Finance an d Financial Strategy, Entrepreneurship, and International Marketing at a U.S. business school. The second reason why I want to go to business school is because I want to acquire a firm knowledge of the Asian market, a topic I have avidly pursued since college. During college I attained considerable knowledge on Japan and China through two separate 6-month language-training studies, and these experiences greatly aided my performance of investment consulting in Asia during my employment at xxx. These experiences also made me realize the need to further reinforce my knowledge in up-and-coming telecommunications markets of countries like China and Singapore; while studying at your university, I hope to concentrate my studies on Asia, its companies, and its growth potential and investment strategy. This is precisely why I would choose International Business as my area of concentration. One of the main reasons I have chosen Boston University is its environment. Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States. And it is located at the heart of Boston. I can say with confidence that I know about Boston Universitys advantages and status more than anyone else does, because Ive stayed in the city for about two months. Indeed, Ive been to the building of School of Management in Boston University several times. And I think that I could acquire more information and have various experiences there than in other business schools which are far away from cities. The second reason why I apply for Boston University is its unique and excellent MBA program. Encouraging students to concentrate on process instead of function, the MBA program that Boston University offers put an emphasis on Total Quality Management, which integrates a number of subjects. In this light, I believe that those who go through the MBA course in Boston University could exercise more outstanding capability even in the areas they dont major in than those who study in other business schools.The third is the fact that Boston University provides students with full support, especially through the Field Career Center. I know that Boston University is a school that is willing to give a practical help to its students through a vast range of programs, such as the First Place, which is an interactive software-recruiting program. Thank you. Optional question: 5. What will be the admissions committees chief concern in evaluating your potential for success at Boston University? Please explain why this concern might be unfounded or not important. After earning a bachelors degree in Business Administration, I have been a permanent employee of xxx since February 19xx. Because my transcript indicates I also earned a degree in journalism in February 19xx, I believe this warrants an explanation of the circumstances surrounding this record. Since college, I have had a great interest since in the influence that the media has on the modern corporation. During my junior year, I received a prize in a college thesis-writing competition sponsored by the xxx for a paper entitled xxx In particular, my suspicions that the medias reporting had a crucial effect on the Korean stock market and the growth of companies were confirmed during sessions of the xxx at xxx University Business Administration Department, of which I was an ardent participant. From this experience, I concluded that to become a management consultant, I needed more in depth study of the relationship between the media and the corporation. For this reason, I decided to pursue both journalism and business administration degrees. While working as a consultant, I attended evening classes and earned the journalism degree in 1 year. Therefore, although I was enrolled in xxx University in 19xx, I was actually employed full time at xxx as a 19xx graduate. I would like to point out that my studies in journalism took place in the evenings, and thus this is consistent with my two or more years of full-time work experience. Research Papers on Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay The Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperThe Hockey GameAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Fifth HorsemanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self